乡村产业振兴中的女工群体基本情况调查——以江西狮山乡王和香茶厂为例
An Investigation into the Basic Situation of Female Workers in Rural Industrial Revitalization — A Case Study of King & Song Tea Factory in Shishan Township, Jiangxi
在“十三五”时期，中国在脱贫攻坚过程中强调促进性别平等，将妇女发展纳入农村减贫和经济发展的整体规划之中。基于这一背景，本报告以江西省九江市狮山乡王和香茶厂的女工群体为研究对象，描述并分析该群体的主要特征、参与劳动的路径，以及她们在推动乡村产业振兴中的重要作用。
During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, China paid attention to promoting gender equality in its poverty alleviation work and included women’s development in the overall plan for rural poverty reduction and economic growth. Based on this background, this report takes the female workers of King & Song Tea Factory in Shishan Township, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province as the research focus. It describes and analyzes their main characteristics, how they take part in labor, and their important role in supporting rural industry revitalization.
方法: 本报告采用质性研究方法。
Method: My research adopts qualitative research methods.
过程：2023年5月至8月，笔者对茶厂女工的日常劳动方式进行观察，形成笔记，并对女工群体的主要成员进行了半结构式访谈，内容如下：
Process: From May to August 2023, I observed the daily work practices of female workers in the tea factory and took field notes. In addition, I conducted semi-structured interviews with several key female workers. Their responses are shown as follows:
女工1：因为生活家里老头子生病、要做事来茶厂工作，现在生活更好，收入提高，虽然家里有地养牛，但是没有固定收入。
Worker 1: My husband’s been sick, so I had to work to support the family. That’s why I came to the tea factory. Life’s better now. My income has gone up. We have some land and raise cattle, but there’s no stable income from that.
女工2：因为没有低保也没有社保，个人年收入两三万所以来茶厂，什么都做。现在提高了生活水平，今年采了三千块钱，明年继续努力。
Worker 2: I don’t have any social security, and I usually earn around 20,000 to 30,000 yuan a year, so I came to work at the tea factory. I do whatever needs to be done. Life has improved since I worked here. I earned 3,000 yuan from picking tea this year, and I’ll keep working harder next year.
女工3：在这里做茶离家近，今年60岁，在这里工作有吃饭的钱。没有低保。个人收入二万。现在一年比一年好一些。
Worker 3: The factory’s close to home, so it’s convenient for me. I’m 60 now. Working here helps me afford meals. I don’t get any support from the government. I make around 20,000 yuan a year. Things are getting better, slowly, year by year.
女工4：家里有田有两头大猪种了菜，没有读过书。在这里学到不同知识。在茶厂打药、剪枝、施肥等工作。今年刚来只做了二千多，赚钱帮家里造房子。
Worker 4: I have some farmland, two big pigs. And I grow vegetables. I never went to school. Since I started working here, I’ve learned different skills. At the factory, I do things like spraying pesticides, pruning, and fertilizing. It’s my first year here, and I’ve made just over 2,000 yuan, which I’m using to help my family build a house in the village.
女工5: 73岁，没受教育没有社保，收入一万多。这个年纪到哪里去打工？茶厂离家近。主要做拔草，施肥等工作。
Worker 5: I’m 73. I never went to school and don’t have social security. I made over 10,000 yuan this year. At my age, where else can I find work? The tea factory is close to home. I mostly do weeding and fertilizing here.
女工6：没有读书没有医保，我喜欢茶厂工作，赚钱给儿子结婚，还能防老。希望明年茶厂的收入能做到二万。
Worker 6: I didn’t go to school and don’t have medical insurance. But I like working at the tea factory. I earn money to help pay for my son’s wedding, and it gives me something to rely on when I’m older. I hope I can make 20,000 yuan from the factory next year.
从以上的观察和交流中，笔者总结了乡村产业振兴中的女工群体特点：第一，女工群体受教育程度偏低，年龄偏大，最大受访者73岁；第二，女工在茶厂的工作多为拔草，施肥、打药、剪枝等基础工作，缺乏高技术含量；第三，女工参与劳动增加个人和家庭收入，提高生活水平，是茶厂劳动主体，茶厂劳动经历使他们具有平等和更好的沟通能力。
From my observations and these conversations, I summarized the following characteristics of female workers in the tea factory: （1）Their education levels are generally low, and their ages are relatively high. The oldest interviewee was 73 years old. （2）Their work at the tea factory mainly includes basic tasks like weeding, fertilizing, spraying pesticides, and pruning, which do not require high technical skills. （3）Their participation in labor increases both personal and family income, improves their standard of living, and gives them a greater sense of equality and better communication skills. These women are the main workforce at the tea factory.
探究式学习的体会与思考：
Reflections and Insights from the Inquiry-Based Learning Process:
一、农村产业的发展为农村妇女带来新的就业机会，为她们摆脱困境、提升地位提供了路径。
1. The development of rural industries creates new job opportunities for rural women and provides them with a way to overcome hardship and improve their social status.
二、妇女在乡村产业建设中具有主体性优势，是重要的潜在力量。
2. Women play a central role in the development of rural industries and are a powerful force with great potential.
三、由于受文化教育程度低的影响，大部分农村妇女只能完成技术含量较低的工作。
3. Because many rural women have low education levels, they are usually limited to jobs that require basic skills.
四、为受教育程度低的农村妇女提供对应的技能帮扶可提高她们劳动技能，有效改善增加收入和自信，进而更积极参与乡村产业发展中。
4. The government and community should make efforts to offer skill training that matches the needs of these undereducated women, which can improve their abilities, increase their income, build their confidence, and encourage more active participation in rural industrial development.
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